.container,.footer{width:100%}
.wrapper,.footer,.footer .promo,.footer .sitemap{overflow:hidden;zoom:1}
.nav-plinks .cwbutton { display: none; visibility: hidden; }
/*---------------OLP (online learning pack) Styles-------------*/
#olpnew{position:relative;background:url(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/olp.png) no-repeat scroll;height:131px;width:500px;margin:20px 0}
#olpnewblack{position:relative;background:url(http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/olp-black.png) no-repeat scroll;height:131px;width:500px;margin:20px 0}
#olpnew h3,#olpnewblack h3{text-indent:-10000px;background:none}
#olpnew a.commoncart,#olpnewblack a.commoncart{height:29px;left:368px;position:absolute;text-indent:-10000px;top:27px;width:85px}
#olpnew a.scorm,#olpnewblack a.scorm{height:29px;left:368px;position:absolute;text-indent:-10000px;top:71px;width:85px}
#olpnew a.olpmoreinfo,#olpnewblack a.olpmoreinfo{position:absolute;top:90px;width:83px;height:25px;left:233px;text-indent:-10000px}


@charset "utf-8";
/* CSS Document */

/*--------------Layout------------------*/

html { font-size: 62.5%; } 

body { 
	color: #000;
	font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	font-size: 14px; font-size: 1.4rem;
	background: #fff url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780240814797/images/bg.png") no-repeat top left;
	background-attachment: fixed;
	background-size:cover;
 }


body#home .nav-main li a#homenav,						/* Highlights the current page menu - add more pages and IDs */
body#students .nav-main li a#studentnav,				/* The IDs should correspond to the navigation HTML */
body.s1 .nav-main li a#studentnav,
body#instructors .nav-main li a#instructornav,
body#feedback .nav-main li a#feedbacknav {
	font-weight:bold;
	color: #73888E;
	text-decoration:none;
	background:#FFFFFF;
} 

/* To stop the items in the student dropdown menu taking on the same current effects */
body.s1 .nav-main li li a#studentnav {
	font-weight:normal !important;
	text-decoration:none !important;
}  

#container {
    padding-left: 5%;
    padding-right: 5%;
}

#header {
	margin-left:auto;
	margin-right:auto;
}

#header #logo:not([IE7or8]) { /*Responsive CSS3 code - NOT read by IE7 - Fixes double header in IE7*/
	background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780240814797/images/header.png") no-repeat left top;
    background-size: contain;
	filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(enabled = false) !important; /*Hack to stop IE9 displaying 2 headers*/
}

#header #logo { /*Read by all browsers- Filters for IE versions that don't support CSS3*/
	padding-bottom: 11%; /*reduce for images with a height less than 200px*/
	margin-top: 25px;
	height:32px\9;
	filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780240814797/images/header.png',sizingMethod='scale')\9; 
	-ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780240814797/images/header.png',sizingMethod='scale')"\9;
}

#hiddentitle h1 a{
    text-indent: -5000px !important;	
	font-size: 2%;
}

#hiddentitle {
    display:none;
}

#main {
    background: #FFFFFF;
    margin-right: auto;
	margin-left:auto;
	border-left:3px solid #73888E;
	border-right:3px solid #73888E;
	border-bottom:3px solid #73888E;
	padding:0;
}

#main article {
    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #FFFFFF;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding-left: 10px;
    padding-right: 10px;
}

#main .content{
clear:left;
float:left;
margin-right:0px;
width:55%;
}

#main .aside{
float:right;
width:280px;
}

.purchaseoptions h4 {
font-size:1.2em
}

.gbox {
position:absolute;
width:300px;
}

.subhead {
padding:20px 10px;
}

.subhead .content .productimg {
width:200px;
float:left;
display:block;
background: #ffffff;
}

/*----- Homepage feed styles ----*/
/*-- hidden nav --*/
#container nav {
display:none;
color:#fff;
padding-top:20px;
}

#container nav a:hover, #container nav a:active, #container nav a:link, #container nav a:visited {
color:;
}
/*-- end hidden nav --*/

/*-------END HOMEPAGE----------*/

#footer {
    background: #98D0E2 repeat;
	font-size: 11px; font-size: 1.1rem;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    margin-top: 12px;
    padding: 40px 80px;
	border:3px solid #73888E;

}

#footer a{
	color:#fff;	
}

#footer p{
	color:#8DABB5;	
}


#footer .wrapper .bar .pane {
	width:50%;
	float:left;
}

#instructors #footer {
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    padding-bottom: 40px;
    padding-left: 20px;
    padding-right: 0;
    width: 940px;
}

.footernav {
	font-size: 10px !important; font-size: 1.0rem !important;
}

#instructors #footer .c16 {
	width:520px;
}

#instructors #footer .c8 {
	width:400px;
}


/*--------------Navigation------------------*/

.nav-main {
    background: #98D0E2;
    font-size: 1.6rem;
    font-weight: bold;
    margin-top: 10px;
    padding: 0;

}

.nav-main a:link, .nav-main a:visited {
    color: #fff;
	transition-property:all;
	-webkit-transition: 1s ease;
	-moz-transition: 1s ease;
	-o-transition: 1s ease;
	-ms-transition: 1s ease;
	transition: 1s ease;
}

.nav-main a:hover{
	color:#fff;
	background:#73888E;	
}
.nav-main ul{
	padding:0;	
}

.nav-main li {	
    background: #98D0E2;
    font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
	transition-property:all;
	-webkit-transition: 1s ease;
	-moz-transition: 1s ease;
	-o-transition: 1s ease;
	-ms-transition: 1s ease;
	transition: 1s ease;
	width:25%;
}


.nav-main li ul {
	background:none;
	box-shadow:none;
	/*position:relative;*/ /*ADD THIS LINE TO CAUSE ACCORDIAN*/
}

.nav-main li ul li:hover, .nav-main li ul li.sfhover  {
	background:#fff !important;
	color:#73888E;
}

.nav-main li ul li a:hover {			
	color: #fff;
	background: #73888E;
		
}

.nav-main li li, .nav-main li li li {
    border-top: 1px solid #999999;
	font-size: 1.1rem;
    width: 150px;
}

.listleft{
	border-left:3px solid #73888E;
}

.listright{
	border-right:3px solid #73888E;
}
 

/*--------------Page Tab Navigation------------------*/

.pagetabs {
	padding-top:10px;
}

.pagetabs ul.jtabs a {
    height: 18px !important;
	margin-bottom: 1px;
}

ul.jtabs a {
	padding: 0px 0px;
	margin-right: 7px;
    background: #8DABB5;
    border: 3px solid #73888E;
	-moz-border-radius:0px !important;
	-webkit-border-radius:0px !important;
	border-radius:0px !important;
	filter:none !important;
	-ms-filter:none !important;
	text-shadow: none;
	-webkit-transition: 1s ease;
	-moz-transition: 1s ease;
	-o-transition: 1s ease;
	-ms-transition: 1s ease;
	transition: 1s ease;
}

.pagetabs ul.jtabs a {
	color:#FFFFFF;
	background: #98D0E2;
	border: 3px solid #8DABB5;
}

.pagetabs ul.jtabs a:hover {
	color:#FFFFFF;
	background:  #8DABB5 !important;
	border: 3px solid #73888E;
}

.pagetabs ul.jtabs a.current {
    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #73888E !important;
	border: 3px solid #8DABB5;
	text-shadow:none;
	font-weight:normal;
}

ul.jtabs li {
    margin: 3px 0 0;
}

ul.jtabs a {
padding: 5px 12px 9px;
text-align:center;
width:150px;					/* Fixed width is Optional - remove this line for tab widths based on text size */
}

.pagetabs div.panes div.pane {
	font-size:1em;
}

/*--------------Misc------------------*/

.copyright {
	font-size: 10px !important; font-size: 1.0rem !important;
}

.normalCursor {
	cursor:default;
}

#sharetools {
	padding: none;
}


.purchaseoptions li {
    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #8DABB5 !important;
    border: 3px solid #73888E;
    border-radius: 0 0 0 0 !important;
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    padding: 5px 7px;
}

.purchaseoptions {
    padding: 0 0px 0px;
}

.button.large, .button.large:visited, button.large, button.large:visited {
    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #98D0E2 !important;
    border-color: #73888E;
    border-radius: 0 0 0 0;
    border-width: 3px;
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 15px;
    margin-top: 3px;
    padding: 9px 13px;
}

.collapse {
    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #8DABB5;
    border: 3px solid #73888E;
    color: #FFFFFF !important;
		-webkit-transition: 1s ease;
	-moz-transition: 1s ease;
	-o-transition: 1s ease;
	-ms-transition: 1s ease;
	transition: 1s ease;
}

.collapse h3.parent a.closeit, .collapse h4.parent a.closeit {
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.collapse h3.parent a, .collapse h4.parent a, .collapse h3.parent a:visited, .collapse h4.parent a:visited {
    border:0px;
	clear: left;
    display: block;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.25em 0.4em;
}

.collapse h3.parent a:hover, .collapse h4.parent a:hover, .collapse h3.parent a:active, .collapse h4.parent a:active {
	border-bottom: 0px;
	padding: none;	
}

.collapse h3.parent + div, .collapse h4.parent + div {
	border-bottom: 0px;
    padding-top: 0.5em;
}

.collapse h4 {
    padding-bottom: 4px;
    padding-top: 5px;
}

.purchasebutton {
    background: #98D0E2;
    border: 3px solid #73888E;
    color: #FFFFFF !important;
    height: 33px;
    list-style-type: none;
    margin-top: 5px;
    width: 198px;
	transition-property:all;
	-webkit-transition: 1s ease;
	-moz-transition: 1s ease;
	-o-transition: 1s ease;
	-ms-transition: 1s ease;
	transition: 1s ease;
}

.purchasebutton:hover {
    background: #73888E;
	border: 3px solid #98D0E2;
	margin-top: 5px;
    color: #73888E !important;
    height: 33px;
    list-style-type: none;
    width: 198px;
}

.purchasebutton:hover a{
	margin-top:6px;	
}

.purchasebutton img {
    margin-left: 4px;
    position: relative;
    top: 6px;
}

.purchasebutton a {
    color: #FFFFFF !important;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
    padding: 0 10px;
    width: 160px;
}

.floatLeft {
	float:left;
}

.floatRight {
	float:right;
}

table {
	border-collapse:collapse;
	width:100%;
	border:1px solid #ccc;
	margin-bottom:25px;
	}
	
th, td {
	padding:5px;
	border:1px solid #ccc;
	text-align:left;
	vertical-align:top;
	}
	
.paddingtop0 {
	padding-top:0;
}

.lightbox ul {
	margin-left:0;
}

.cf:before, 
.cf:after { content: "" !important; display: table !important; }
.cf:after { clear: both !important; }
.cf { zoom: 1; } /* For IE 6/7 (trigger hasLayout) */

sup {
position: relative;
top: -3px;
vertical-align: top;
font-size: 90%;
}


/*--------------Over rides for Global styles------------------*/

blockquote {
    border-left:0;
	padding-left: 25px;
	font-size: 12px; font-size: 1.2rem;
}

.toc {
	display:none;
}

/*--------------Headings and Text------------------*/

h1 { 
	font-size: 20px; 
	font-size: 2em; 
	border-bottom: 1px solid #98D0E2 !important;
}

h2 { 
	font-size: 18px; 
	font-size: 1.8rem; 
}

h3 { 
	font-size: 16px; 
	font-size: 1.6rem; 
}

h4 { 
	font-size: 12px; 
	font-size: 1.2rem; 
}

h5 { 
	font-size: 10px; 
	font-size: 1rem; 
}

h6 { 
	font-size: 10px; 
	font-size: 1rem; 
}

p, li {
	font-size: 14px;
	font-size: 1.4rem;
}

/*
li li, li p { font-size: 1rem; } */

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
	font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	font-weight:normal;
	padding-top:5px;
	padding-bottom: 5px;
	border-bottom:none;
	letter-spacing:0;
	color:#73888E;
}

hr, p, ul, ol, dl, pre, blockquote, address, table, form {
    line-height: 1.6em;
    margin-bottom: 1em;
}

#footer p, #footer li {
    font-size: 1.1rem !important;
}

/*--------------Links------------------*/


.author a{
	color: #73888E !important;	
}

a, a:active {
    color: #0073B0;
}

a:link {
	color: #000; 
	text-decoration: none;}
	
a:visited {
	color: #0073B0; 
	text-decoration: none;}
	
a:hover {
	color: #98D0E2;
	text-decoration: underline;}

a:active {
	color: #0073B0;
	text-decoration: none;}

a:current {
	color:#0073B0;
	text-decoration:underline;
	}	

	
/*----SIGN IN FORM----*/

#signinForm {
    width: 280px;
	float:left;
	background: #E1E1E1;
	margin-right:30px;
	margin-top:20px;
	padding: 0 20px 20px;
	-moz-border-radius:10px !important;
	-webkit-border-radius:10px !important;
	border-radius:10px !important;
}

#requestForm {
	width:450px;
	float:left;
	background: #E1E1E1;
	padding: 0 20px 20px;
	margin-top:20px;
	-moz-border-radius:10px !important;
	-webkit-border-radius:10px !important;
	border-radius:10px !important;
}
	
#signinForm h2 {
	font-size: 18px; font-size: 1.8rem;
	}

#requestForm h2 {
	font-size: 18px; font-size: 1.8rem;
	}

#requestForm {	
	margin-bottom:20px; }
	
label { 
	clear:both; 
	display:block; 
	margin-bottom:10px;
	}
	
label em { 
	float:left; 
	width:210px; 
	}

#signinForm label em { 
	float:left; 
	width:110px; 
	}
	
label input { 
	border:1px solid #000000; 
	}
	
input { 
	border:1px solid #666 !important;
	background-color:#fff;
	color:#000;
	}

input.submit { 
	border:1px solid #666;
	background-color:#ccc;
	color:#000;
	margin-left:210px;
	padding-top:3px;
	padding-bottom:3px;
	}		
		
	
	
/* ---------- Feedback Form --------- */	

#fdbkName {
	border:1px solid #666;
	background-color:#52494e !important;
	color:#000 !important;
	clear:both;
	display:block;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	}

#fdbkEmail {
	border:1px solid #666;
	background-color:#52494e !important;
	color:#000 !important;
	clear:both;
	display:block;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	}

#fdbkComment {
	border:1px solid #666;
	background-color:#52494e !important;
	color:#000 !important;
	clear:both;
	display:block;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	width:500px;
	height:100px;
	}	
	
.formfield textarea {
	border:1px solid #666;
	background-color:#FFF !important;
	color:#000 !important;
	margin-bottom:10px;
	}	
	
#fdbkForm input {
	background-color:#ccc;
	color:#000;
}	

h6.special {
    border-bottom: 0;
    border-top: 0;
}

fieldset {
    border: 0 none;
}

/* ---------- Buy the book Tabs --------- */	

#book_info a {
	background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_l.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 50px;
    margin: 0;
    position: absolute;
    right: 81px;
    top: 0;
    width: 300px;
	text-indent: -5000px !important;
	z-index:1;

}

#book_info a:hover {
	background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_l_h.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 50px;
    margin: 0;
    position: absolute;
    right: 81px;
    top: 0;
    width: 300px;
	text-indent: -5000px !important;
	z-index:2;
	
}


#brand_tab a {
    background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_r.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 50px;
    position: absolute;
    right: 0;
    text-indent: -10000px;
    width: 141px;
	z-index:1;
}

#brand_tab a:hover {
    background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_r_h.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 50px;
    position: absolute;
    right: 0;
    text-indent: -10000px;
    width: 141px;
	z-index:2;
}

.error {
	color:#F00 !important;
	padding-bottom:20px;
}

/* ---------- Caching FIX --------- */

.info1_ghost{
    background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_r_h.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 1px;
    width: 1px;
	visibility:hidden;
}

.info2_ghost{
	background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_l_h.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 1px;
    width: 1px;
	visibility:hidden;
}

.info3_ghost{
    background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_r.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 1px;
    width: 1px;
	visibility:hidden;
}

.info4_ghost{
	background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/focal_l.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
    height: 1px;
    width: 1px;
	visibility:hidden;
}



/* ---------- Global --------- */

.pinterest {
	background: url("http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/globalImages/pinterest.png") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
}

.m5 .padding {
    padding-left: 0px;
    padding-right: 0px;
    padding-top: 0px;
}

/* ---------- JPlayer --------- */
div.jp-title, div.jp-playlist {
    background-color: #CCCCCC;
    border-top: 1px solid #009BE3;
    height: 440px;
    overflow: auto;
    width: 100%;
}
/* ---------- JPlayer END --------- */

.nav-plinks .pbutton {
    border: 3px solid #73888E !important;
    border-radius: 0 0 0 0;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.button.blue, .button.blue:visited, .viewinsidebutton, .viewinsidebutton:link, .viewinsidebutton:visited {
    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #8DABB5;
    border: 3px solid #73888E !important;
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

.button.cyan, .button.cyan:visited, .compbutton, .compbutton:link, .compbutton:visited, .einspectbutton, .einspectbutton:link, .einspectbutton:visited {
    background: none repeat scroll 0 0 #8DABB5;
	border: 3px solid #73888E !important;
    color: #FFFFFF;
}

ul.noliststyle, ul.noliststyle ul, ol.noliststyle, ol.noliststyle ol {
    clear: both;
    list-style: none outside none;
    margin: 0;
}

/* ---------- KEYFRAME Animation --------- */

.animated{
-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;
-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;
-ms-animation-fill-mode:both;
-o-animation-fill-mode:both;
animation-fill-mode:both;

-webkit-animation-duration:2s;
-moz-animation-duration:2s;
-ms-animation-duration:2s;
-o-animation-duration:2s;
animation-duration:2s
}

.info_float{
	position:absolute;
	right:40px;
	right:0px\9;	/* Fix for IE because no supporty.  */
}

@-webkit-keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(300px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(40px)}}
@-moz-keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateX(300px)}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateX(40px)}}
@-o-keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-ms-transform:translateX(300px)}100%{opacity:1;-ms-transform:translateX(40px)}}

@keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(300px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateX(40px)}}
.fadeInLeft{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInLeft;-moz-animation-name:fadeInLeft;-o-animation-name:fadeInLeft;animation-name:fadeInLeft}